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Author SHA1 Message Date
Arnaud Morin
d7709cd0d0 B"
(cherry picked from commit 372c155800)
2024-12-01 20:44:18 +01:00
Arnaud Morin
1ff264100d G 2019-10-07 12:01:22 +02:00
Arnaud Morin
cf24853205 F 2019-10-07 12:01:13 +02:00
Arnaud Morin
3fcdfa03ca E 2019-10-07 12:01:01 +02:00
Arnaud Morin
cb8c71a99e D 2019-10-07 11:58:36 +02:00
Arnaud Morin
849ef266c7 C 2019-10-07 11:58:19 +02:00
Arnaud Morin
372c155800 B 2019-10-07 11:57:52 +02:00
Arnaud Morin
edc8ed73b4 A 2019-10-07 10:09:36 +02:00
18 changed files with 351 additions and 334 deletions

4
.gitignore vendored
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*/__pycache__
**/.terraform/*
**/*.tfstate
**/*.tfstate.*

174
README.md
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# Intro
We created this set of exercises to give you the opportunity to express yourself technically. Do as much as you can in
the time you have. Feel free to ask us questions, if any. No worries if you can't make it all by lack of time or
understanding of what we're asking. We'll defrief it with you during our next call.
**Have fun!**
## Fork
Register an account and fork this repo.
You will push your results to your fork.
# Ex. 1 - python
This exercise will be split into multiple smaller ones. For each one
you can create files named `a.py`, `b.py` and `c.py`. You maybe resuse the same
environment for all sub-exercises
Guidelines:
- Use python version python3.7+.
- Unless specified otherwise you can only use builtin modules.
### python - A
Write a script that prints out whatever text input is passed as argument
Example:
```
$ python a.py ping ping ping
ping ping ping
```
### python - B
Write a script take takes one argument (-t/--target) which can only
accept the following values `titi`, `toto`, `tata`. When called with a valid
target, the script should print out the target text to stdout (`titi`, `toto` or `tata`).
When an invalid target is provided an error message should be printed to stderr
Example:
```
$ python b.py --target titi
titi
$ python b.py -t tutu
usage: b.py [-h] [-t {titi,toto,tata}]
b.py: error: argument -t/--target: invalid choice: 'tutu' (choose from 'titi', 'toto', 'tata')
```
### python - C
Write a script that creates ascii art equivalent of text passed as argument.
For this exercise you may use a 3rd party module.
Example:
```bash
$ python c.py 'Hello buddies'
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
| | | | ___ | || | ___ | |__ _ _ __| | __| |(_) ___ ___
| |_| | / _ \| || | / _ \ | '_ \ | | | | / _` | / _` || | / _ \/ __|
| _ || __/| || || (_) | | |_) || |_| || (_| || (_| || || __/\__ \
|_| |_| \___||_||_| \___/ |_.__/ \__,_| \__,_| \__,_||_| \___||___/
```
# Ex. 2 - docker
In ex2 folder, you will find a `app` binary.
Can you build very lighweight docker image that contains ONLY `app` binary, and that execute `app` by default?
Push your Dockerfile in the ex2 folder.
# Ex. 3 - terraform
In ex3 folder, you will find an incomplete `openrc` file.
You will need to amend the file to configure the correct `OS_USERNAME`, `OS_PASSWORD` and `OS_REGION_NAME` with the one that we gave to you.
Then, using `terraform`, can you write a plan to boot a `d2-4` with a floating IP.
Bonus, on that instance, make sure a web server (`nginx`) is running.
Push your `main.tf` file in ex3 folder.
# Ex. 4 - git
In this repo, there are two branches:
- stein
- queens
Stein contains the following commits:
- 1ff2641 (stein) G
- cf24853 F
- 3fcdfa0 E
- cb8c71a D
- 849ef26 C
- 372c155 B
- edc8ed7 A
Queens contains the following commits:
- 2624c16 (queens) F
- 5e3521b B
- edc8ed7 A
So the common ancestor is A (same commit ID).
B has been cherry-picked from stein to queens, without conflicts.
F has also been cherry-picked but with conflicts (solved, of course).
## Exercice
You will need to create two branches:
- merged
- rebased
### Merged
Create the merged branch first:
```bash
git checkout -b merged origin/queens
```
Then merge the stein branch into your branch
```bash
git merge origin/stein
```
You will have a conflict to solved.
Solve it, then push your `merged` branch to your repo.
### Rebased
Now create the rebased branch:
```bash
git checkout -b rebased origin/queens
```
Now rebase it on top of stein:
```bash
git rebase -i origin/stein
```
You will have a conflict to solved.
Solve it, then push your `rebased` branch to your repo.
## Check diff
Now check the diff between your two branches `merged` and `rebased`.
```bash
git diff merged..rebased
```
Can you explain why you have a diff?
Write down the explanation in ex4 folder (like in a `README.md` file)
# merge-vs-rebase

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import sys
def print_args():
return " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(print_args())

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import argparse
import sys
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-t", "--target", choices=["titi", "toto", "tata"])
args = parser.parse_args()
return args.target
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(main())

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from a import print_args
from art import text2art
def main():
return text2art(print_args())
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(main())

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FROM scratch
COPY app /
ENTRYPOINT ["/app"]

BIN
ex2/app

Binary file not shown.

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# This file is maintained automatically by "terraform init".
# Manual edits may be lost in future updates.
provider "registry.terraform.io/terraform-provider-openstack/openstack" {
version = "1.42.0"
constraints = "~> 1.42.0"
hashes = [
"h1:hpQ+kc+S2Nwcqqt0TtBdiLKJpaLxq5z2eKrA+kjoMq4=",
"zh:116e297f03eb304819f8cffd66f25b77638435db2d612c2b1d56205cbbef485f",
"zh:332411f8425caaa9ca799cc60ccbab188c6108fa2765032a5cb22a5df36b5fc5",
"zh:3843cf3c563ae0348bcd41107508399df997a7293b2a3a79e73264be81dc456c",
"zh:4d16af37327d36bb86913220b763ed6e599b47db7702948f019e535c5b9413d4",
"zh:9557b325e4617977f0fec913673d2542556174811415417be7dee20f7ab2fec1",
"zh:95b4754370eda28624f7dfcfdfc4016775bf6433535b60a8f3d99fd651e71afa",
"zh:97c240eba6a179e5910c0afdee97f916ab4537b360db21143ab2dfb0919087e3",
"zh:b231c1c988914f4f0be3115a432f50cf43c410867f8b3aff7e3bf7c31739c940",
"zh:b3b105ee70e440d350d8fecf50d458ad7d4b9b4a3ab580e9b8ff1e3fec9a6b76",
"zh:b531f02dca64486c302046d959770a6b32ac26fc6d1830582e9959d0384dbe20",
"zh:b80a2e60dae300217f44318a74b7e45cfe7009a11b937f06fb07f677863cec59",
"zh:f18e8dada1e2941585893c579d169bc908c68cb7b71406c47cafc0a3bdcddbe8",
"zh:fbdc031f496fa1f80fcab41f1e3cf2e2f99b0266b685079b4a4c4c61720c914c",
]
}

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resource "openstack_networking_router_v2" "rt" {
name = "rt"
admin_state_up = "true"
external_network_id = var.network_external_id
}
resource "openstack_networking_network_v2" "network_internal" {
name = var.network_lan
admin_state_up = "true"
}
resource "openstack_networking_subnet_v2" "network_subnet" {
name = var.network_lan
network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.network_internal.id
cidr = var.network_subnet_cidr
ip_version = 4
enable_dhcp = true
dns_nameservers = ["1.1.1.1"]
}
resource "openstack_networking_router_interface_v2" "network_router_interface" {
router_id = openstack_networking_router_v2.rt.id
subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.network_subnet.id
}
resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_v2" "d2_fip" {
pool = "Ext-Net"
}
resource "openstack_compute_keypair_v2" "instance_keypair" {
provider = openstack.ovh
name = "instance_keypair"
public_key = file(var.ssh_pubkey)
}
resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "instance" {
name = "d2_test"
provider = openstack.ovh
image_name = "Debian 12"
flavor_name = "d2-4"
key_pair = openstack_compute_keypair_v2.instance_keypair.name
user_data = var.cloudinit_script
network {
name = var.network_lan
}
depends_on = [ openstack_networking_subnet_v2.network_subnet ]
}
data "openstack_networking_port_v2" "port" {
device_id = openstack_compute_instance_v2.instance.id
network_id = openstack_compute_instance_v2.instance.network.0.uuid
}
resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_associate_v2" "fip_associate" {
floating_ip = openstack_networking_floatingip_v2.d2_fip.address
port_id = data.openstack_networking_port_v2.port.id
}

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# Placeholder

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terraform {
required_version = ">= 0.14.0"
required_providers {
openstack = {
source = "terraform-provider-openstack/openstack"
version = "~> 1.42.0"
}
}
}
provider "openstack" {
alias = "ovh"
}

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variable "network_external_id" {
type = string
default = "bcf59eb2-9d83-41cc-b4f5-0435ed594833"
}
variable "network_lan" {
type = string
default = "lan_d2_demo"
}
variable "network_subnet_cidr" {
type = string
default = "10.10.0.0/24"
}
variable "ssh_pubkey" {
type = string
default = "~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub"
}
variable "cloudinit_script" {
type = string
default = "#!/bin/bash\nsudo apt update && sudo apt install -y nginx"
}

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# Check diff
We have a diff between merged and rebased branches because merge and rebase are two different process that will not necessarily end in the same result. With merge we retrieve the remote branch at current stage (HEAD points to latest commit from the remote branch) so we will end up with exactly the same code than on the remote branch. With checkout we retrieve all commits we don't have from remote branch onto the common ancestor and other commits from our local branch are put after. In our case, our local branch was A => B => F so afer the merge we end up with A => B => F => merge commit wheareas after the rebase we end up with A => B => C => D => E => F => G => B" => F" since the common ancestor is A. Although B and F from our local branch were cherry-picked from stein branch applying them on top of stein commits (A => B => C => D => E => F => G) made new changes. More precisely, some hunks modified by B are overriden by new commits from stein branch (C, D, E or G) therefore since the rebase process reapplied the B commit these hunks have been modified once more hence the diff we have between merged and rebased branches. Finally, hunks modified by F were not overriden by G thus reapplying F didn't make any new change that's why rebased branch git tree is A => B => C => D => E => F => G => B".

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libvirt.pp Normal file
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# == Class: nova::compute::libvirt
#
# Install and manage nova-compute guests managed
# by libvirt
#
# === Parameters:
#
# [*ensure_package*]
# (optional) The state of nova packages
# Defaults to 'present'
#
# [*libvirt_virt_type*]
# (optional) Libvirt domain type. Options are: kvm, lxc, qemu, uml, xen
# Defaults to 'kvm'
#
# [*vncserver_listen*]
# (optional) IP address on which instance vncservers should listen
# Defaults to '127.0.0.1'
#
# [*migration_support*]
# (optional) Whether to support virtual machine migration
# Defaults to false
#
# [*libvirt_cpu_mode*]
# (optional) The libvirt CPU mode to configure. Possible values
# include custom, host-model, none, host-passthrough.
# Defaults to 'host-model' if libvirt_virt_type is set to kvm,
# otherwise defaults to 'none'.
#
# [*libvirt_cpu_model*]
# (optional) The named libvirt CPU model (see names listed in
# /usr/share/libvirt/cpu_map.xml). Only has effect if
# cpu_mode="custom" and virt_type="kvm|qemu".
# Defaults to undef
#
# [*libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags*]
# (optional) This allows specifying granular CPU feature flags when
# specifying CPU models. Only valid, if cpu_mode and cpu_model
# attributes are specified and only if cpu_mode="custom".
# Defaults to undef
#
# [*libvirt_snapshot_image_format*]
# (optional) Format to save snapshots to. Some filesystems
# have a preference and only operate on raw or qcow2
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*libvirt_disk_cachemodes*]
# (optional) A list of cachemodes for different disk types, e.g.
# ["file=directsync", "block=none"]
# If an empty list is specified, the disk_cachemodes directive
# will be removed from nova.conf completely.
# Defaults to an empty list
#
# [*libvirt_hw_disk_discard*]
# (optional) Discard option for nova managed disks. Need Libvirt(1.0.6)
# Qemu1.5 (raw format) Qemu1.6(qcow2 format).
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*libvirt_hw_machine_type*]
# (optional) Option to specify a default machine type per host architecture.
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*libvirt_inject_password*]
# (optional) Inject the admin password at boot time, without an agent.
# Defaults to false
#
# [*libvirt_inject_key*]
# (optional) Inject the ssh public key at boot time.
# Defaults to false
#
# [*libvirt_inject_partition*]
# (optional) The partition to inject to : -2 => disable, -1 => inspect
# (libguestfs only), 0 => not partitioned, >0 => partition
# number (integer value)
# Defaults to -2
#
# [*libvirt_enabled_perf_events*]
# (optional) This is a performance event list which could be used as monitor.
# A string list. For example: ``enabled_perf_events = cmt, mbml, mbmt``
# The supported events list can be found in
# https://libvirt.org/html/libvirt-libvirt-domain.html ,
# which you may need to search key words ``VIR_PERF_PARAM_*``
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*remove_unused_base_images*]
# (optional) Should unused base images be removed?
# If undef is specified, remove the line in nova.conf
# otherwise, use a boolean to remove or not the base images.
# Defaults to undef
#
# [*remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds*]
# (optional) Unused resized base images younger
# than this will not be removed
# If undef is specified, remove the line in nova.conf
# otherwise, use a integer or a string to define after
# how many seconds it will be removed.
# Defaults to undef
#
# [*remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds*]
# (optional) Unused unresized base images younger
# than this will not be removed
# If undef is specified, remove the line in nova.conf
# otherwise, use a integer or a string to define after
# how many seconds it will be removed.
# Defaults to undef
#
# [*libvirt_service_name*]
# (optional) libvirt service name.
# Defaults to $::nova::params::libvirt_service_name
#
# [*virtlock_service_name*]
# (optional) virtlock service name.
# Defaults to $::nova::params::virtlock_service_name
#
# [*virtlog_service_name*]
# (optional) virtlog service name.
# Defaults to $::nova::params::virtlog_service_name
#
# [*compute_driver*]
# (optional) Compute driver.
# Defaults to 'libvirt.LibvirtDriver'
#
# [*preallocate_images*]
# (optional) The image preallocation mode to use.
# Valid values are 'none' or 'space'.
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*manage_libvirt_services*]
# (optional) Whether or not deploy Libvirt services.
# In the case of micro-services, set it to False and use
# nova::compute::libvirt::services + hiera to select what
# you actually want to deploy.
# Defaults to true for backward compatibility.
#
# [*log_outputs*]
# (optional) Defines log outputs, as specified in
# https://libvirt.org/logging.html
# Defaults to undef
#
# [*rx_queue_size*]
# (optional) virtio-net rx queue size
# Valid values are 256, 512, 1024
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*tx_queue_size*]
# (optional) virtio-net tx queue size
# Valid values are 256, 512, 1024
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*file_backed_memory*]
# (optional) Available capacity in MiB for file-backed memory.
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
# [*volume_use_multipath*]
# (optional) Use multipath connection of the
# iSCSI or FC volume. Volumes can be connected in the
# LibVirt as multipath devices.
# Defaults to $::os_service_default
#
class nova::compute::libvirt (
$ensure_package = 'present',
$libvirt_virt_type = 'kvm',
$vncserver_listen = '127.0.0.1',
$migration_support = false,
$libvirt_cpu_mode = false,
$libvirt_cpu_model = undef,
$libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags = undef,
$libvirt_snapshot_image_format = $::os_service_default,
$libvirt_disk_cachemodes = [],
$libvirt_hw_disk_discard = $::os_service_default,
$libvirt_hw_machine_type = $::os_service_default,
$libvirt_inject_password = false,
$libvirt_inject_key = false,
$libvirt_inject_partition = -2,
$libvirt_enabled_perf_events = $::os_service_default,
$remove_unused_base_images = undef,
$remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds = undef,
$remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds = undef,
$libvirt_service_name = $::nova::params::libvirt_service_name,
$virtlock_service_name = $::nova::params::virtlock_service_name,
$virtlog_service_name = $::nova::params::virtlog_service_name,
$compute_driver = 'libvirt.LibvirtDriver',
$preallocate_images = $::os_service_default,
$manage_libvirt_services = true,
$log_outputs = undef,
$rx_queue_size = $::os_service_default,
$tx_queue_size = $::os_service_default,
$file_backed_memory = undef,
$volume_use_multipath = $::os_service_default,
) inherits nova::params {
include ::nova::deps
include ::nova::params
# libvirt_cpu_mode has different defaults depending on hypervisor.
if !$libvirt_cpu_mode {
case $libvirt_virt_type {
'kvm': {
$libvirt_cpu_mode_real = 'host-model'
}
default: {
$libvirt_cpu_mode_real = 'none'
}
}
} else {
$libvirt_cpu_mode_real = $libvirt_cpu_mode
}
if($::osfamily == 'Debian') {
package { "nova-compute-${libvirt_virt_type}":
ensure => $ensure_package,
tag => ['openstack', 'nova-package'],
}
}
if $migration_support {
include ::nova::migration::libvirt
}
if $log_outputs {
libvirtd_config {
'log_outputs': value => "\"${log_outputs}\"";
}
}
unless $rx_queue_size == $::os_service_default or $rx_queue_size in [256, 512, 1024] {
fail("Invalid rx_queue_size parameter: ${rx_queue_size}")
}
unless $tx_queue_size == $::os_service_default or $tx_queue_size in [256, 512, 1024] {
fail("Invalid_tx_queue_size parameter: ${tx_queue_size}")
}
# manage_libvirt_services is here for backward compatibility to support
# deployments that do not include nova::compute::libvirt::services
#
# If you're using hiera:
# - set nova::compute::libvirt::manage_libvirt_services to false
# - include ::nova::compute::libvirt::services in your composition layer
# - select which services you want to deploy with
# ::nova::compute::libvirt::services:* parameters.
#
# If you're not using hiera:
# - set nova::compute::libvirt::manage_libvirt_services to true (default).
# - select which services you want to deploy with
# ::nova::compute::libvirt::*_service_name parameters.
if $manage_libvirt_services {
class { '::nova::compute::libvirt::services':
libvirt_service_name => $libvirt_service_name,
virtlock_service_name => $virtlock_service_name,
virtlog_service_name => $virtlog_service_name,
libvirt_virt_type => $libvirt_virt_type,
}
}
nova_config {
'DEFAULT/compute_driver': value => $compute_driver;
'DEFAULT/preallocate_images': value => $preallocate_images;
'vnc/vncserver_listen': value => $vncserver_listen;
'libvirt/virt_type': value => $libvirt_virt_type;
'libvirt/cpu_mode': value => $libvirt_cpu_mode_real;
'libvirt/snapshot_image_format': value => $libvirt_snapshot_image_format;
'libvirt/inject_password': value => $libvirt_inject_password;
'libvirt/inject_key': value => $libvirt_inject_key;
'libvirt/inject_partition': value => $libvirt_inject_partition;
'libvirt/hw_disk_discard': value => $libvirt_hw_disk_discard;
'libvirt/hw_machine_type': value => $libvirt_hw_machine_type;
'libvirt/enabled_perf_events': value => join(any2array($libvirt_enabled_perf_events), ',');
'libvirt/rx_queue_size': value => $rx_queue_size;
'libvirt/tx_queue_size': value => $tx_queue_size;
'libvirt/file_backed_memory': value => $file_backed_memory;
'libvirt/volume_use_multipath': value => $volume_use_multipath;
}
# cpu_model param is only valid if cpu_mode=custom
# otherwise it should be commented out
if $libvirt_cpu_mode_real == 'custom' {
validate_legacy(String, 'validate_string', $libvirt_cpu_model)
nova_config {
'libvirt/cpu_model': value => $libvirt_cpu_model;
'libvirt/cpu_model_extra_flags': value => $libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags;
}
} else {
nova_config {
'libvirt/cpu_model': ensure => absent;
'libvirt/cpu_model_extra_flags': ensure => absent;
}
if $libvirt_cpu_model {
warning('$libvirt_cpu_model requires that $libvirt_cpu_mode => "custom" and will be ignored')
}
if $libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags {
warning('$libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags requires that $libvirt_cpu_mode => "custom" and will be ignored')
}
}
if $libvirt_cpu_mode_real != 'none' {
validate_legacy(String, 'validate_string', $libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags)
nova_config {
'libvirt/cpu_model_extra_flags': value => $libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags;
}
} else {
nova_config {
'libvirt/cpu_model_extra_flags': ensure => absent;
}
if $libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags {
warning('$libvirt_cpu_model_extra_flags requires that $libvirt_cpu_mode is not set to "none" and will be ignored')
}
}
if size($libvirt_disk_cachemodes) > 0 {
nova_config {
'libvirt/disk_cachemodes': value => join($libvirt_disk_cachemodes, ',');
}
} else {
nova_config {
'libvirt/disk_cachemodes': ensure => absent;
}
}
if $remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds != undef {
nova_config {
'libvirt/remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds': value => $remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds;
}
} else {
nova_config {
'libvirt/remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds': ensure => absent;
}
}
if $remove_unused_base_images != undef {
nova_config {
'DEFAULT/remove_unused_base_images': value => $remove_unused_base_images;
}
} else {
nova_config {
'DEFAULT/remove_unused_base_images': ensure => absent;
}
}
if $remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds != undef {
nova_config {
'DEFAULT/remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds': value => $remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds;
}
} else {
nova_config {
'DEFAULT/remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds': ensure => absent;
}
}
}